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] A phase shifter is a microwave network which provides a controllable phase shift of the RF signal.〔Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, 2nd Ed., by Inder Bahl and Prakash Bhartia, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 12)〕〔RF MEMS Theory, Design and Technology by Gabriel Rebeiz, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 9-10)〕〔Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., by John Volakis, McGraw-Hill, 2007 (Chapter 21)〕 Phase shifters are used in phased arrays.〔Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Ed., by R. C. Hansen, John Wiley & Sons, 1998〕〔Phased Array Antenna Handbook, 2nd Ed., by Robert Mailloux, Artech House, 2005〕〔Phased Array Antennas by Arun K. Bhattacharyya, John Wiley & Sons, 2006〕 ==Classification== * Active versus passive: Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy. * * Active: * * * Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA) * * * Gain: The phase shifter amplifies while phase shifting * * * Noise figure (NF) * * * Reciprocity: not reciprocal * * Passive: * * * Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA) * * * Loss: the phase shifter attenuates while phase shifting * * * NF: NF = loss * * * Reciprocity: reciprocal * Analog versus digital: * * Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.〔(Microwave Phase Shifter ) information from Herley General Microwave〕 * * Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control. * Differential, single-ended or waveguide: * * Differential transmission line: A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk. * * * Antenna selection: dipole, tapered slot antenna (TSA) * * * Examples: coplanar strip, slotline * * Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk. * * * Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip, monopole * * * Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline * * Waveguide * * * Antenna selection: waveguide, horn * Frequency band * One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line * * One-conductor or dielectric transmission line (optical fibre, finline, waveguide): * * * Modal * * * No TEM or quasi-TEM mode, not TTD or quasi-TTD * * * Higher-order TE, TM, HE or HM modes are distorted * * Two-conductor transmission line (CPW, microstrip, slotline, stripline): * * * Differential or single-ended * * * TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD * Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter * * A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis. * * A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for squint-free and ultra wideband (UWB) beam steering. * Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal * * Reciprocal: T/R * * Non-reciprocal: T or R * Technology * * Non semi-conducting (ferrite, ferro-electric, RF MEMS, liquid crystal): * * * Passive * * Semi-conducting (RF CMOS, GaAs. SiGe, InP, GaN or Sb): * * * Active: BJT or FET transistor based MMICs, RFICs or optical ICs * * * Passive: PIN diode based hybrids * Design * * Loaded-line: * * * Distortion: * * * * Distorted if lumped * * * * Undistorted and TTD if distributed * * Reflect-type: * * * Applications: reflect arrays (S11 phase shifters) * * * Distortion: * * * * Distorted if S21 phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler * * * * Undistorted and TTD if S11 phase shifter * * Switched-network * * * Network: * * * * High-pass or low-pass * * * * or T * * * Distortion: * * * * Undistorted if the left-handed high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections * * Switched-line * * * Applications: UWB beam steering * * * Distortion: undistorted and TTD * * Vector summing 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phase shift module」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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